HVAR

Hvar je hrvatski otok u Jadranskom moru.

Hvar

Podaci
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Otočna skupina {{{otočje}}}
Koordinate
Država Hrvatska
Gl. naselje Hvar
Površina 299,6 km²
Obalna crta {{{obalna crta}}} km²
Broj stanovnika
(popis 2001.) 11.500

Zemljopisni položaj i svojstva
Hvar pripada grupi srednje-dalmatinskih otoka. Nalazi se u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, usred skupine otoka koji su dijelom ove županije. Gledano po neposrednom susjedstvu, sjeverno od njega se nalazi otok Brač, a južno od njega se nalaze Šćedro (od kojeg ga dijeli Šćedorski kanal), Vis (više prema jugozapadu), Paklinski otoci, Korčula i poluotok Pelješac.

Duljine je 72 km, a u na širem dijelu je širok 10,5 km. Ukupna duljina obale mu je 254,2 km. Površine je 299,7 kilometara četvornih što ga čini četvrtim hrvatskim otokom po površini. Najviši vrh je sv. Nikola, visok 628 metara.

Cesta koja povezuje grad Hvar na zapadnoj i Sućuraj na istočnoj strani otoka iznosi 84 km. Otok Hvar je svojom površinom uglavnom prekriven borovom šumom što čini izuzetno ugodnu klimu i vinogradima koji proizvode i do 50 000 hektolitara vina godišnje.

Ime
Današnje ime otoka je grčkog porijekla (od grč. Pharos – svjetionik). Iz tog su naziva Rimljani oblikovali ime Pharia. Dalmatinski Romani pretvorili su ga u Fara, a u ranom Srednjem vijeku doseljeni Hrvati suglasnik f zamjenjuju grupom suglasnika hv, te mijenjaju naziv u Hvar. Lokalno stanovništvo naziva ga "Hvor", "For", a književni oblik "Hvar" se javlja na istočnom dijelu otoka.

Povijest
Otok je naseljen još u pretpovijesno doba, još prije 6000 godina. Iz tog razdoblja na otoku postoje nalazi osebujne Hvarske kulture (3500.--2500. g.pr.Kr.), poznate po bojanoj keramici.

Poznat su nalazi iz Markove i Grapčeve špilje, u kojoj je pronađen najstariji prikaz broda u Europi na ulomku keramičke vaze, te lokalitet Purkin kuk sa megalitima.

Kasnije, otok naseljavaju Iliri.

Hvar je bio mjesto starogrčke kolonizacije u 4. st. pr.Kr.. Na njemu je u to doba, 385. g. pr.Kr. osnovan Pharos, na mjestu današnjeg Starog Grada. Rečeni Pharos je bio polisom. Ne zna se je li bilo ostalih starogrčkih naselja na otoku, možda neko na mjestu današnjeg Hvara (znanstvenici su tu smještali Herakleju ili Dimos). U Starigradskom polju sačuvaj je ager, izvorna starogrčka katastarska podjela zemlje s kamenim međašima (gomilama) koji je i danas vidljiv.

Starogrojsko polje, pogled s juga. U pozadini se vidi Vidova gora i otok BračPadom Sirakuze, bitne zaštitnice ovog otoka, dolazi kraj vlasti starih Grka. Otok pada pod vlast starog Rima 219. pr.Kr., a Pharos dobija ime Pharia.

Nakon pada zapadnog Rimskog carstva, otok ostaje u okviruBizanta. U vrijeme kasne antike povećalo se stanovništvo otoka. To razdoblje obiluje arheološkim nalazima. Nastao je veliki broj novih villa rustica na povjesnom ageru ali i na do tada zapuštenim istočnim dijelovima otoka. O tom razdoblju postoji praznina u pisanim izvorima sve do doseljenja Slavena.

Tada dolazi u trostoljetni posjed Neretvanske kneževine. U istom razdoblju, stanovništvo se poslavenjuje u potpunosti i poprima hrvatski jezik, kulturu i nazive. Tada se na otoku i naselilo starohrvatsko pleme Slavogosta.

U 11. stoljeću postaje dijelom srednjovjekovne hrvatske kraljevine Petra Krešimira IV..

Poslije se u vlasti smjenju Mletačka Republika, Bizant, Hrvatsko-ugarska kraljevina.

1331. se komuna konačno stavlja pod mletačku zaštitu od omiških gusara. 1420. godine ga Mlečani u potpunosti nadziru. Mletačka vlast je bila sve do pada Mletaka, 1797. godine. U tom razdoblju je grad Hvar bio glavna mletačka luka na istočnoj jadranskoj obali. Otok Hvar je bio dijelom iste upravne jedinice, kao i otok Vis, Hvarske komune. Trag te podjele je današnja Hvarsko-bračko-viška biskupija.

1510 do 1514 traje Ustanak hvarskih pučana pod vodstvom Matija Ivanića protiv hvarskih plemića. Pučani su svrgnuli plemićku vlast na otoku, a ustanak je na kraju ugušila Venecija.

Nakon 1797., dolazi pod vlast Habsburške Monarhije. 1806. dolazi pod Napoleonovu Francusku, Habsburšku Monarhiju odnosno reorganiziranjem iste, pod austrijski dijel Austro-Ugarske. Tada dolazi "malo zlatno razdoblje" za ovaj otok: uređene su sve otočne luke, napravljene je katastar, događa se mala industrijalizacija, a uzlazni konjunkturni krug na poljodjelskom tržištu (vinova loza, buhač, levanda) jača srednji sloj stanovništva, a zaostajanje nižih slojeva se ublažilo uljevom glavnice na otok. Do pojave parobroda, otok je imao svoju trgovačku mornaricu.

U gradu Hvaru su tada otvorili konzulate Grčka, Parma, Papinska država i Napuljsko Kraljevstvo.

1858. je otvorena prva meteorološka postaja u Hrvatskoj.

1868. je osnovano prvo turističko društvo ("Higijeničko društvo").

Raspadom Austro-Ugarske, ulazi u Državu SHS. Kraljevina Italija zaposjeda otok iste 1918. godine, i ostaje sve do 1921., kada konačno postaje dijelom Kraljevinu SHS/Kraljevine Jugoslavije.

1941., padom Kraljevine, ulazi u sastav NDH, gdje je bio dijelom velike župe Cetina.

Padom vlasti NDH, dijelom je NR Hrvatske/SR Hrvatske. Otok je bio jedna upravna jedinica, općina Hvar sa sjedištem u gradu Hvaru.

Kasnije, osamostaljenje Hrvatske, u današnjoj Republici Hrvatskoj, Hvar se dijeli na četiri općine: Grad Hvar, Stari Grad, Jelsa i Sućuraj.

Početkom Domovinskog rata, otočko stanovništvo i gospodarstvo je trpilo posljedice pomorske blokade, koju je uspostavila JRM, koje je vodilo i kojom je upravljalo velikosrpski usmjereno osoblje.

 

Klima je sredozemna. Zapadni dijel otoka je izrazito sušniji, čak je među krajevima sa najmanje padalina u Hrvatskoj.

Vode
Sjevernozapadni dio otoka (Starigradsko polje) ima više izvora i bara, a u Jelsi, Starigradu i Vrboskoj postoje bočati potoci. Ostatak otoka je krševit i suh.

Promet
Otok ima razgranatu mrežu prometnica. Jelsa, Starigrad i Hvar spojeni su modernom cestom s tunelom. Mreža uskih i loših cesta povezuje cijeli otok, od Sučurja do Hvara.

Redovne trajektne veze s kopnom pristaju u Starom gradu i Sučurju. Brzi putnički brodovi povezuju Jelsu i Hvar sa Splitom.

U Starigardskom polju je mali aerodrom generalne avijacije s travnatom stazom.

Gospodarstvo
Turizam i prateće uslužne djelatnosti, poljodjelstvo (sredozemne kulture) i ribarstvo.

Stanovništvo
Jedino autohtono i apsolutno većinsko stanovništvo ovog otoka su Hrvati.

Najveća naselja na otoku su Hvar, Stari Grad, Jelsa i Sućuraj, koji su ujedino i četiri otočke općine koje pokrivaju područje ovog otoka.

Ostala naselja na Hvaru su:

Naseljena:

Dol
Vrbanj
Maslinica
Selca
Velo Rudina
Molo Rudina
Brusje
Milna
Zavala
Sveta Nedjelja
Svirče
Pitve
Vrisnik
Vrboska
Gdinj
Bogomolje

Kultura
Od 2004. godine održava se književna manifestacija Susret čakavskih pjesnikinja otoka Hvara posvećena pjesništvu na čakavskom narječju otoka Hvara, autorice čijih su pjesama žene.

Sport
Ženska malonogometna liga otoka Hvara

 

 

HVAR

Hvar (local Croatian dialect: Hvor or For, Greek: Pharos, Latin: Pharina, Italian: Lesina) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, located off the Dalmatian coast. The island measures approximately 80 km, east to west and is a tourist destination.

Geography
Hvar Island is administratively part of the Split-Dalmatia County in Dalmatia, Croatia. It is separated from the island of Brač by the Hvar Channel (Hvarski kanal), from Vis by the Vis Channel, from Korčula by the Korčula Channel, from Pelješac by the Neretva Channel, while the east cape of the island is located just three nautical miles away from the mainland. Along the southern coast of the island there are several smaller islands, notably the Paklenski Otoci in the west and the Šćedro island in the south.

It covers 112 square miles with fruit growing, olives, lavender and fishing being the main occupations. As of 1991 the estimated population was around 11,400.

The major divisions of the island include:

Hvar (population 4,138 in 2001), the site of the first public theatre in Europe, opened in 1612.
the town of Stari Grad, located on the north part of the island (population 2,817 in 2001), the site of one of the first human settlements on the Adriatic islands during the Antiquity Stari Grad is the main sea port on the island; most visitors arrive here via car ferries from Split.
Jelsa is a town in the central-northern part of the island (population 3,672 in 2001)
Sućuraj is a picturesque small town (more than 2,300 years old) on the east cape of the island Hvar in Croatia. The population of 400 people exists by tourism and fishing. Thanks to the very mild climate and beautiful countryside, many tourists come to Sucuraj. The town is the official centre of the east part of the island.

History

A view of the city of Hvar from the Castle
A view of Stari Grad on Hvar
The southern coast of Hvar near Sveta NedjeljaThe first inhabitants of Hvar Island were Neolithic people who probably established trade links between Hvar and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. The Hvar Culture lasted from 3500 to 2500 BC.

Beginning in the 4th century BCE, the Greeks colonized the island. During this period the people of Pharos defeated Jadasini warriors and their allies. Their victory over much larger forces is immortalized an inscription, one of the oldest known inscriptions of Croatia.

In the early Middle Ages, Slavic tribes occupied the island. In the first half of the 7th century the Slavs of Pagania took over the island. Venetian sailors saw the island while sailing towards the Neretva Channel and were threatened by the Narentine pirates from the island. In the 11th century the island joins the Croatian realm.

The 12th century brought the Republic of Venice, which bought vines and wine cultivation which blossomed into a major industry for the island in the Middle Ages. The island eventually again fell under Byzantine rule, and then the Hungarian Kings. In 1331 the Venetians put the island under protection from threats of piracy. According to the 1358 Treaty of Zadar, the island was handed over to the Kingdom of Hungary. For short time in Summer of 1390 it was held by Bosnian king Stephen Tvtko I. In December 1396 King Sigismund gifted the island to Đurađ II Stracimirović of the Balšić house of Zeta, who kept it until his death in 1403, when it returned to the Hungarian crown. In 1409, the Republic of Venice finally again became its long-term owner.

In the 16th century an uprising occurred between the plebeians and aristocracy, the most serious of the uprising occurred between 1510 and 1514 with the Venetians ruthlessly crushing the locals and sending twenty of their leaders to the hangman. The island became prosperous from boat building, fishing the cultivation of rosemary, lavender and olives. The Venetians set up the Diocese of Hvar.

Hvar is important to the history of Croatia as it was one of the centers of Croatian literature during the Renaissance, with writers such as Petar Hektorović and Hanibal Lucić. In Stari Grad, tourists can see the Petar Hektorović fortress/villa called Tvrdalj, architectonically designed by the poet himself.

Churches on the island contain lots of important paintings and artworks by famous Venetian artists, including Tintoretto, Veronese, Bellini and others.

In 1797 Hvar was annexed with the fall of the Venetian Republic by the Habsburg Monarchy as per the Treaty of Campoformio. But forced of the French Empire seized it in 1806 during the Napoleonic wars.

During the Croatian national renaissance, in the age of national awakening in Europe, many leading figures in southern Croatia, and in Croatia as a whole, came from Hvar.

The Austrians regained control of the island in accordance to the 1815 Treaty of Vienna and into the beginning of the 20th century brought a period of relative prosperity. The Italian army occupied the island from 1918 until 1921, when Hvar with the whole of Croatia joined the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1939 an autonomous Croatian Banate was formed that included it and in 1941 Fascist Italy occupied it until the end of the WWII in 1945, when it became a part of Communist Yugoslavia, it's Croatian constituent republic.

Ivan Vučetić, the man who perfected dactyloscopy at the turn of the 20th century, came from Hvar island.

In 1992 the Republic of Croatia was recognized as an Independent state in which Hvar obtained a position in its territorial reorganization.

In today's Croatia, Hvar's most famous citizen in the world is football player Igor Tudor (Juventus), while most famous Croatian deputy in Sabor (awarded as the "Deputy of the year") is from island of Hvar, Tonči Tadić.

Economy
Residents of Hvar mostly work in the fishing and tourism industries. Hvar has a very mild Mediterranean climate, beautiful beaches and Mediterranean vegetation that make it one of the most attractive tourist centers in Europe. The island promotes itself as "the sunniest spot in Europe," with 2715 hours of sunlight in an average year.

Port in Hvar townHvar town is the main tourist center. It features a large public square that is open to the sea. During the tourist season, the port is filled with large yachts. All-night discos attract large crowds of young visitors.

Another major economic activity is the cultivation of lavender, used for aromatic oils and soaps. Hvar is often called the "island of lavender".

Hvar is also one of the two most famous winemaking zones in Croatia. Vineyards on the southern side of the island are famous for red wines produced from the Plavac Mali grape. The central plain between Stari Grad and Jelsa is famous for its white wines.

[edit] Names of the island
As a Greek colony, the island was known as Pharos 'lighthouse'. The Greek poet Apollonius of Rhodes referred to the island as "Piteyeia" in the 3rd century BC, a name derived either from the Greek word "pitys", meaning spruce, or from the ancient Illyrian village of Pitve in the central part of the island.

Under the Roman rule (in the province of Dalmatia), it was known as Pharia and later Fara.

In the early Middle Ages, Slavs settled the island and named it Hvar, replacing the consonant "f" with old Slavic consonant "hv". But, the island was still ruled by the romanized Illyrians. The Croats' influence convinced the resident Roman population to once again change the official name to Quarra.

Since the late 11th century its Italian name has been Lesina, from Croatian les 'forest' (an accurate description of the island at the time); in Venetian, Liesena. The name remained official during Venetian rule.

 

wikipedia.org